Development of a universal antivenom using proteomic characterisation of antigenic and immunogenic snake venom proteins

Snake envenomation has been identified as a neglected tropical disease responsible for a high morbidity and mortality rate, especially in Southeast Asia, including Malaysia. Consequently, the economic cost is beyond the capability of most low and middle-income countries. Antivenom immunoglobulins are the only therapeutic products that effectively neutralise snake envenomation. The lack of effective snake antivenom to treat snake envenoming has become a critical health issue. In this proposal, a new approach towards developing a highly effective antivenom is described with specific antigenic venom proteins precipitation as they bind with available specific monovalent or polyvalent antivenom. In line with the WHO's recognition for antivenom design and formulation, immunisation of specific snake venom mixtures could make effective antivenoms.